Impact of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells on the immune response after mRNA-based Comirnaty vaccine in seronegative health care workers (preprint)

Purpose To analyze the impact of SARS-COV-2-specific memory B cells (MBC) on the immune response after two doses of mRNA-based Comirnaty COVID-19 vaccine in seronegative health care workers. This study is seeking a rationale for boosting vaccines.Methods Longitudinal study including 31 seronegative health care workers with undetectable MBCs (IgG-MBC- group), 24 seronegative with detectable MBCs (IgG-MBC + group), and 24 seropositive with detectable MBCs (IgG + MBC + group). The level of neutralizing, anti-S IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies was quantified by ELISA. In addition, specific memory B and T cells were quantified by flow cytometry.Results The level of specific MBCs, and isotypes, in the IgG-MBC- group was lower compared to that found in IgG-MBC+ (p = 0.0001) and IgG + MBC+ (p < 0.0001) groups, respectively. Neutralizing and anti-S IgG antibodies were at lower levels in the IgG-MBC- group after the vaccine. Specific MBCs directly correlated with specific CD4 + T cells (although not significant, p = 0.065), while no correlation was found with specific CD8 + T cells (p = 0.156) after the vaccine. In parallel, neutralizing antibodies only positively correlated with specific CD4 + T cells (p = 0.034).Conclusions IgG-MBC- individuals showed the worst humoral and cellular responses, both in frequency and magnitude, after vaccine. Individuals whose antibodies wane and become undetectable after a given period of time post vaccine and show no specific MBCs are less protected and hence are good candidates for boosting vaccine. On the other hand, seronegative individuals with specific MBC showed faster and higher responses compared to the IgG-MBC- group.

SARS-CoV-2 cellular immune response in uninfected health care workers with prolonged and close exposure to COVID-19 patients (preprint)

Health care workers (HCW) are at an increased risk since they are directly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, nevertheless, some remained without the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, suggesting lesser susceptibility to infection1-5. This study aimed to ascertain a potential specific cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in these largely exposed HCWs.In this cross-sectional, case-control study, we analyzed 39 exposed uninfected HCWs and 17 convalescent HCWs. Cellular immune response was evaluated after SARS-CoV-2 stimulation with peptide pools (proteins S, M, and N), using bead-based multiplex assay (12 cytokines).Overall, 94.8% of uninfected HCWs had some degree of specific cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins that could be classified, according to the number of cytokine production, as strong (61.5%), partial (33.3%), and weak/no response (5.1%). Strong responders showed a higher anti-inflammatory cytokine production (IL5 and IL10, p<0.001 and 0.002, respectively), and similar (IFN-γ and TNF-α, p=0.435 and 0.532, respectively) or higher (IL12, p=0.021) pro-inflammatory production compared to convalescents, resulted in a predominantly Th2 response. This study demonstrated a consistent and polyfunctional immune cellular response after stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 peptides in extensively exposed individuals that should be considered to establish the infection susceptibility, the impact in herd immunity, and the risk of relapses.